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8 July 2025

In a new study, researchers analysed blood samples from patients undergoing biologic treatment and discovered a surprising pattern: rather than being reduced, some inflammatory immune cells increased during therapy…

4 July 2025

In a new study researchers at the provide the strongest evidence yet that T cells reactive to proteins implicated in Parkinson’s emerge during the prodromal stage of the disease – years or even decades before a clinical diagnosis…

16 September 2024

Recent research has highlighted the role of distinct, disease-specific transcriptional programs in governing goblet cell hyperplasia in asthma and cystic fibrosis…

30 May 2024

To better understand eosinophils and their response to treatment, researchers recently conducted a detailed analysis of these cells at various stages of development…

Innate Epithelial Barrier Defense In the gastrointestinal tract it is of paramount importance to host health that the intestinal micro­biota is kept at a distance from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), minimizing the likelihood of tissue damage and invasion. Innate immune strategies include the use of a mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and innate lymphoid cells Read More

24 July 2023

In a recent study, researchers investigated interleukin (IL)-31 and its role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis through the maintainnance of an inflammatory state and pruritus…

Activation of B cells There are two main immune responses that can drive the activation of resting B-cells, and these are termed as T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or by microbiological side products (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) via their toll like receptors (TLR4, Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

Type 2 and regulatory immune responses in helminth infections Over one third of the human population is affected by one or multiple helminth parasites. Helminth parasites are complex multicellular, eukaryotic pathogens with different life stages, which can affect a variety of different human tissues. Helminths induce an entirely distinct immune response compared to other microbial Read More

Activation of B cells There are two main immune responses that can drive the activation of resting B-cells, and these are termed as T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or via their toll like receptors (TLR4, 7, 9 in mice) and start to proliferate. Protein Read More