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The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). Some of these foreign materials can be referred to as antigens and could be entire micro-organisms like bacteria, fragments of them or substances produced Read More

06 December 2022

According to data from a phase 2 trial, researchers have discovered inflammatory markers that may help identify COVID-19 patients who are more likely to react to treatments like the anti-cancer medicine pacritinib…

14 November 2022

In a review by Rebecca Adams et al., researchers described the involvement of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in failure of CI therapy and potential strategies to target those cells thereby improving CI efficacy…

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). Some of these foreign materials can be referred to as antigens and could be entire micro-organisms like bacteria, fragments of them or substances produced Read More

Activation of B cells There are two main immune responses that can drive the activation of resting B-cells, and these are termed as T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or via their toll like receptors (TLR4, 7, 9 in mice) and start to proliferate. Protein Read More

HIV Virus HIV is a retrovirus and made of double stranded RNA enclosed within a glycosylated capsid Target cells for HIV are any cell expressing both CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 (chemokine receptors) HIV has evolved to use these receptors to infect the “central command” of the immune system and by so doing ultimately disables Read More

Introduction In a clinical setting, the term transplantation generally refers to the transfer or replacement of cells, tissues, or organs from one individual to another. The source of the transplant can either be a person’s own body, another human, or another species. In the human, with the exception of transplantation of one’s own tissues, where Read More

Introduction The maternal-foetal interface of the placenta is a complex microenvironment containing soluble and cellular regulatory factors necessary for the establishment and maintenance of a normal pregnancy. Regulation of these factors is precisely localized, and changes as the pregnancy progresses. The placenta is both an immune-privileged site and the conduit through which the foetus receives Read More