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Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

Introduction Viruses are infectious agents that only replicate inside of living cells. Figure 1 describes how some viruses are known to go through different layers of defence in order to establish themselves within the human body. The viral replication cycle follows a typical routine: Attachment and entry: The virus attaches to the host cell membrane via Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). Some of these foreign materials can be referred to as antigens and could be entire micro-organisms like bacteria, fragments of them or substances produced Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). This ability to differentiate ‘self’ from ‘nonself’ constitutes the basic hallmark of the immune response and the basis for an understanding of clinical immunology Read More

The immune response to cancer is best viewed as a specialized case of immunity in which the malignant cell has adapted and learned how to persist. The immunological surveillance theory was originally put forth independently by Burnet and Thomas, who suggested that the immune system continually surveyed the body for the presence of malignant cells, Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). This ability to differentiate ‘self’ from ‘nonself’ constitutes the basic hallmark of the immune response and the basis for an understanding of clinical immunology Read More

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus which predominantly infects CD4 T cells causing T cell leukemia and inflammatory disorders. HTLV-1 has a simian origin called simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1). While the exact origin of the HTLV-1 currently present in humans is not well known, interspecies transmission from monkeys and apes Read More