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Introduction Viruses are infectious agents that only replicate inside of living cells. Figure 1 describes how some viruses are known to go through different layers of defence in order to establish themselves within the human body. The viral replication cycle follows a typical routine: Attachment and entry: The virus attaches to the host cell membrane via Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). Some of these foreign materials can be referred to as antigens and could be entire micro-organisms like bacteria, fragments of them or substances produced Read More

T cells and Beyond: from tissue residency, metabolism and novel ways to detect them. In this section, we will explore aspects of T cells that are more in-depth and additional to the account of T cells, which can be found here: Overview of T cell Subsets   Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) Here, we focus Read More

Metabolism of Dendritic Cells Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system and constitute a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs comprise a highly heterogeneous cell population able to receive and interpret signals either from invading pathogens or dying cells, and to respond to them through the Read More

Mononuclear Phagocytes Produce Key Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) are essential for the development of inflammation and together with neutrophils are the phagocytic cells involved in the clearance of inert particles and microbial agents. Monocytes are bone marrow-derived cells and are continuously released into the blood. When these cells are recruited Read More

The host, via its immune system, has the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissue(s). This ability to differentiate ‘self’ from ‘nonself’ constitutes the basic hallmark of the immune response and the basis for an understanding of clinical immunology Read More

7th May

A Recent study demonstrates the role of the C5a-C5aR1 axis in the promoting immunopathology associated with cobra venom. These findings have potential implications for the development of novel snake bite immunotherapy.