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Genetics and Mechanisms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Genetic factors are key contributors to IBD susceptibility, and understanding candidate genes is crucial to comprehend the disease’s complex pathogenesis. Murine models serve as valuable tools to study Read More

Innate Epithelial Barrier Defense In the gastrointestinal tract it is of paramount importance to host health that the intestinal micro­biota is kept at a distance from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), minimizing the likelihood of tissue damage and invasion. Innate immune strategies include the use of a mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and innate lymphoid cells Read More

24 July 2023

In a recent study, researchers investigated interleukin (IL)-31 and its role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis through the maintainnance of an inflammatory state and pruritus…

Activation of B cells There are two main immune responses that can drive the activation of resting B-cells, and these are termed as T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or by microbiological side products (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) via their toll like receptors (TLR4, Read More

Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex, dynamic battlefield for both immune cells and tumour cells. TME is composed of tumour cells, various cytokines, chemokines, proteases, many enzymes, macrovesicles, and other secreted molecules. TME mainly consists of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), endothelial cells, immune cells (like tumour associated macrophages (TAMs)), myeloid derived suppressor Read More

14 November 2022

In a review by Rebecca Adams et al., researchers described the involvement of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in failure of CI therapy and potential strategies to target those cells thereby improving CI efficacy…

Type 2 and regulatory immune responses in helminth infections Over one third of the human population is affected by one or multiple helminth parasites. Helminth parasites are complex multicellular, eukaryotic pathogens with different life stages, which can affect a variety of different human tissues. Helminths induce an entirely distinct immune response compared to other microbial Read More

03 August 2022

In a recent paper, Khan, et al., hypothesized that the MΦ phenotype can enhance anti-TB function following cytokine stimulation, and this stimulation can explain the development of LTBI…

Activation of B cells There are two main immune responses that can drive the activation of resting B-cells, and these are termed as T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or by microbiological side products (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) via their toll like receptors (TLR4, Read More